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You will see this split only when NT is running on systems with several You can adjust the address split between user mode and kernel mode so thatĪpplications have 3GB of memory, with 1GB left for NT's Executive, drivers, and Thus, the split between user mode and kernel mode also The upper 2GB mapping always remains that of the Executive, Microkernel,ĭevice drivers, and HAL. Mapping in the lower 2GB if Netscape Navigator runs next, its mapping replaces For example, if Microsoft Word is running, NT places Word's address The lower 2GB mapping changes, depending on which program is currently Memory assigned to a program and the memory that the kernel-mode portion of NT One type of restriction relates to what parts of theĬomputer's memory the program can reference and in what ways.įigure 2 shows the virtual memory map that NT creates for applications.Īddressable memory totals 4GB, but NT evenly divides the space between the The sandbox enforces restrictions as to what Machine's sandbox) that the NT Executive and the program's operating systemĮnvironment create for the program. Program executing in user mode runs in a sandbox (not unlike a Java virtual What differentiates user mode from kernel mode is the privilege level. BLUE SCREENY DRIVERSThe drivers to its kernel-mode environment. However, hardware vendorsĬan include custom device drivers with their hardware, and NT dynamically adds Modems, network cards, and input devices ship with NT. A large number of device drivers for disk drives, video cards, Microsoft ships different HALs for different processors and processorĭevice drivers are modules that interface NT and applications to specific Through which the Executive subsystems and the Microkernel interface with the Processor-specific functions such as context-switching (scheduling) andīeneath the Microkernel resides the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), ![]() BLUE SCREENY PORTABLEThe Executive is generally portable across processorĪrchitectures (e.g., Alpha, x86), and it relies on the Microkernel for I/O Manager, Local Procedure Call (LPC) Facility, Object Manager, and Security The Executive includesĬore operating system components: the Process Manager, Virtual Memory Manager, The subsystems use basic NT services that the NT Executive and the Thus, Win32 programs are clients of the Win32 subsystem and use only the Win32 Applications are clients ofĮxactly one environment subsystem and use only the APIs that subsystem exports. Supplies include POSIX, OS/2, Win16, DOS, and Win32. The operating system environments that NT User mode is the mode in which applications and operating systemĮnvironment subsystems execute. Mode, with no direct access to hardware and restricted access to memory. With direct access to all hardware and memory user mode is a less privileged Kernel mode is a highly privileged processor mode, NT executes in two modes, user mode and kernel mode, as To understand what leads to a blue screen, you first need to understand NT'sīasic architecture. Screens, see Mark Edmead, "The Blue Screen of Death," June 1997.) In the process, I'llĭescribe the inner workings of NT's kernel mode. NT device drivers are not your forte and that debugging a blue screen with dumpĪnalysis tools or a kernel-mode debugger is infeasible. I'll tackle the topic from the perspective that ![]() BLUE SCREENY HOW TOTheir appearance, how to interpret the cryptic data NT lists on them, and how to This month, I'll talk about how NT generates blue screens, what leads to BLUE SCREENY DRIVERGive you a hint about what driver or piece of hardware is causing problems. Understanding the clues it provides can help you avoid future blue screens or You start NT or perform a particular operation (e.g., inserting a new floppy).Įven if you've successfully moved past a blue screen with a reboot, If you're unlucky, you'll repeatedly get a blue screen every time If you're lucky, simply resetting the computer will get you What most users and many developers don't know is what the screen's NT stops processing and paints one of these displays whenever it hasĮncountered a situation in which it cannot continue, or in which continuing may Screen 1, page 58, displays a typicalĮxample. Almost everyone who has used NT for any length of time has seen a blue screen (also known as the blue screen of death). BLUE SCREENY WINDOWSAlthough NT is more reliable and stable than its cousins, Windows 3.x and Windows 95, it nevertheless is subject to the frailties of third-party software, add-on peripherals and their device drivers, and Microsoft's bugs. The color blue has become synonymous with disaster in the Windows NT world. Understand the clues the blue screen provides ![]()
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